“the former…the latter…”是英语中指代前文提及的两个事物/人的固定搭配,核心含义是:
该结构用于替代前文已经明确列出的两个并列对象(名词、代词或名词性结构),避免重复。其中:
the former:指代“先提到的那个(人/物)”;
the latter:指代“后提到的那个(人/物)”。
前文需先列出两个明确的对象,再用“the former…the latter…”分别指代。
作主语:
I have two job offers: one from a tech company and one from a school. The former pays better, but the latter offers more work-life balance.
(我有两个工作offer:一个来自科技公司,一个来自学校。前者薪资更高,但后者更平衡工作与生活。)
作宾语:
When choosing between coffee and tea, I prefer the former in the morning and the latter in the evening.
(在咖啡和茶之间选择时,我早上更喜欢前者,晚上更喜欢后者。)
作表语:
The two candidates are John and Mary. The experienced one is the former, and the creative one is the latter.
(两位候选人是约翰和玛丽。有经验的是前者,有创造力的是后者。)
若前文提到的是“两个事物的组合”,可用“the former/latter of + 复数名词”明确指代。
The book has two parts: an introduction and a conclusion. The former of the two sets the context, and the latter summarizes the key findings.
(这本书有两部分:引言和结论。两者中的前者设定背景,后者总结关键发现。)
1、 仅限“两个对象”:
该结构不能用于三个或以上的事物,否则会混淆指代(若有三个,需用“the first…the second…the third…”)。
2、 前文必须明确:
使用前务必先清晰列出两个并列的对象(如用“and”“or”“between… and…”连接),否则会造成歧义。
3、 单复数一致:
指代的对象是单数时,“the former/latter”后接单数动词;是复数时接复数动词。
单数:The cat and the dog are my pets. The former likes fish, the latter prefers bones.
复数:Apples and oranges are both fruits. The former are sweet, the latter are tangy.
“the former…the latter…”是简洁指代前文两个并列对象的工具,核心是“前→the former,后→the latter”,适用于需要区分、比较或说明两个事物的场景。
举个最直观的例子:
We visited Paris and London last year. The former (Paris) is known for its art, the latter (London) for its history.
(我们去年去了巴黎和伦敦。前者以艺术闻名,后者以历史著称。)