该短语是“动词+介词+宾语+补语”结构,具体如下:
宾语:可以是人(sb.)或物(sth.);
as后的补语:必须是名词或名词性结构(因为是对宾语的“命名”或“定义”),不能直接接形容词(需转化为名词短语,如“a delicious cake”而非“delicious”);
被动语态:常见于正式语境,结构为 sth./sb. + be referred to + as + 补语(强调“被称作……”)。
通过不同语境的例子,更清晰理解用法:
Teachers often refer to this textbook as a "must-have" for English learners.
(老师常把这本教材称作英语学习者的“必备书”。)
My friends refer to me as "the movie buff" because I watch so many films.
(我的朋友把我称作“电影迷”,因为我看很多电影。)
In this report, we refer to the process as "sustainable manufacturing".
(在这份报告中,我们将这个流程定义为“可持续制造”。)
The Eiffel Tower is often referred to as "the symbol of Paris".
(埃菲尔铁塔常被称作“巴黎的象征”。)
This medical condition is referred to as "type 2 diabetes" by doctors.
(这种病症被医生称为“2型糖尿病”。)
She prefers to be referred to as Dr. Lee rather than Ms. Lee.
(她更希望被称作李博士,而非李女士。)
1、 as不可省略:必须用“refer to...as...”,不能说“refer to it a problem”(错误),正确是“refer to it as a problem”(把它称作一个问题)。
2、 补语的词性:as后需接名词或名词短语,若要表达形容词含义,需转化为名词结构。例如:
错误:Refer to the cake as delicious.(不能直接接形容词)
正确:Refer to the cake as a delicious treat.(把蛋糕称作“美味的小吃”)
3、 正式程度:比“call sb./sth. sth.”更正式,常用于学术、新闻、正式写作或礼貌语境(如“prefer to be referred to as...”表示“希望被称作……”)。
call sb./sth. sth.:更口语化(如“Call me Tom.” vs “Refer to me as Tom.”);
term sb./sth. sth.:更书面(如“The policy is termed a 'game-changer'.”);
label sb./sth. as:强调“贴标签”(如“Labeling people as 'lazy' is unfair.”)。