“in summary”是一个常用的总结性过渡短语,核心含义是“总之/总而言之/概括来说”,用于对前文所述的内容、要点或信息进行简洁归纳,帮助听众或读者快速抓住核心。
“in summary”强调提炼前文的关键信息,将分散的内容整合为简洁的结论,常用于梳理逻辑、收尾或强调重点。
通常放在句首(偶尔也可放在句中,但句首更常见),后接逗号,再引出总结内容。
例:
We covered the causes of climate change, its impacts, and potential solutions. In summary, urgent action is needed to reduce carbon emissions.
(我们讨论了气候变化的原因、影响及潜在解决方案。总之,亟需采取行动减少碳排放。)
学术/正式写作:论文、报告中总结研究发现或核心论点;
例:The experiment showed that plants grow faster with filtered light and regular watering. In summary, light quality and hydration are key factors in plant growth.
(实验表明,经过过滤的光和定期浇水会让植物长得更快。概括来说,光质和水分是植物生长的关键因素。)
日常交流/演讲:会议、对话中总结讨论要点;
例:We talked about the party venue, guest list, and menu. In summary, we’ll book the community center, invite 50 people, and serve Italian food.
(我们讨论了派对场地、嘉宾名单和菜单。总之,我们会订社区中心,邀请50人,提供意大利菜。)
说明/讲解:梳理复杂内容的核心逻辑;
例:The course covers grammar, vocabulary, and writing. In summary, it’s designed to improve your overall English proficiency.
(这门课包含语法、词汇和写作。总而言之,它旨在提升你的整体英语水平。)
不能用于“引出新信息”:“in summary”是总结已有内容,后面不能加前文没提到的新观点;
❌ 错误:We talked about the budget. In summary, we should also hire a new employee.(前文没提“雇新员工”,不能用“in summary”引出)
✅ 正确:We talked about the budget and staffing. In summary, we need to cut costs and delay hiring.(总结前文提到的“预算”和“ staffing”)
“in summary”与其他总结短语的细微差别:
to sum up:更口语化,侧重“快速归纳”;
in conclusion:更正式,侧重“得出最终结论”(常含主观判断);
briefly:强调“简洁”,可替换“in summary”但更简短;
on the whole:侧重“整体来看”,隐含“综合考虑”的意思。
“in summary”是中性、通用的总结工具,核心作用是“帮读者/听众回顾重点”。只要是需要“提炼前文核心”的场景,都可以用它来收尾或梳理逻辑~