“tell by”是英语中表“判断依据”的核心短语,关键含义是:通过/凭借...(线索、特征、信号)判断、看出、识别,强调“用A(依据)得出B(结论)”的逻辑关系。
“tell”在这里不是“告诉”,而是“辨别、判断、察觉”(= realize or know based on something);“by”引出判断的依据(= using or through)。
简单说:“凭X看出/判断Y”。
“tell by”的结构灵活,但核心逻辑不变——先“结论”,后“依据”(或反过来),常见两种模式:
结构:tell + 结论(从句/名词) + by + 依据
(结论可以是“事实、状态、身份”等,常用省略that的宾语从句)
You can tell (that) she’s happy by her smile.(你看她的笑容就知道她开心。)
I could tell he was lying by his eyes.(我从他的眼神能看出他在撒谎。)
Can you tell the age of the tree by its rings?(你能通过年轮判断树的年龄吗?)
结构:tell by + 依据 + that/what...从句
(把“依据”提前,更突出判断的来源)
I told by the noise outside that it was raining.(我从外面的声音听出在下雨。)
She told by his silence what had happened.(她从他的沉默中察觉到发生了什么。)
“tell by”常和“感官线索”或“明显特征”搭配,比如:
外貌/表情:by one’s face/look/appearance(凭脸色/表情/外貌)
→ He could tell she was upset by her face.(他看她的脸就知道她难过。)
声音/语气:by one’s voice/tone(凭声音/语气)
→ I can tell he’s tired by his hoarse voice.(我听他沙哑的声音就知道他累了。)
细节/特征:by the smell/taste/sound/texture(凭气味/味道/声音/质地)
→ You can tell the cake is done by its golden color.(看蛋糕的金黄色就知道烤好了。)
很多人会把“tell by”和“tell from”搞混,核心区别是:
tell by:用A判断B(强调“依据→结论”);
tell from:区分A和B(强调“辨别两者差异”)。
例:
I can tell by his accent that he’s from London.(凭口音判断他来自伦敦→结论)
I can’t tell the two paintings from each other.(分不清这两幅画→区分)
Don’t tell by his clothes—he’s actually rich.(别以貌取人——他其实很有钱。)
I could tell by her laugh that she liked the joke.(我听她的笑声就知道她喜欢这个笑话。)
Can you tell by the way he walks that he’s a dancer?(你看他走路的样子能看出他是舞者吗?)
总结:“tell by”的本质是“用线索找答案”——只要想表达“凭XX看出/判断XX”,就可以用它!