英语短语 "by inference" 的核心含义是 “通过推理;通过推断”,表示基于已知信息、线索或逻辑关系间接得出结论的方式(而非直接观察或陈述)。
"by inference" 强调结论的获取过程是“推导出来的”——即没有直接的证据或明确说明,但可以通过分析现有信息(如文字、行为、数据等)逻辑地推断出结果。
作为介词短语,"by inference" 通常作方式状语,修饰动词(如 know, reach, deduce, tell, infer 等)或整个句子,说明“结论/信息的来源方式”。
常见搭配:
by inference from sth:从...中通过推理得出("from" 引出推理的依据)。
通过不同场景的例子,更直观理解用法:
She didn’t say she was tired, but I could tell by inference—her eyes were red and she kept yawning.
(她没说累,但我能通过推断看出来——她眼睛红了,还不停地打哈欠。)
In the novel, we learn about the protagonist’s loneliness by inference from his habit of talking to his pet cat every night.
(在小说中,我们通过他每晚和宠物猫说话的习惯推断出主角的孤独。)
The scientists concluded that the ancient city was abandoned by inference—no human remains or tools were found, but the buildings showed signs of sudden evacuation.
(科学家通过推理得出这座古城被遗弃的结论——没有发现人类遗骸或工具,但建筑有突然撤离的痕迹。)
The verdict wasn’t based on direct witness testimony; it was reached by inference from the defendant’s phone records and bank transactions.
(判决不是基于直接证人证词,而是通过被告的电话记录和银行交易推断得出的。)
by deduction:更强调“演绎推理”(从一般规律推导具体结论,如数学/逻辑证明);
by induction:强调“归纳推理”(从具体案例总结一般规律,如实验结论);
by inference:最通用,涵盖所有“通过现有信息间接推导”的情况,不严格区分演绎/归纳。
"by inference" 本质是“用推理的方式”,核心在于“间接性”——当结论不是直接给出,而是需要“想一步”才能得到时,就可以用这个短语说明推导过程。