"by then" 是英语中常用的时间短语,核心含义是“到那时(为止)”,用于指代上下文提到的某个特定时间点,强调截止到该时间点前已经完成或发生的动作。
"by then" 中的 "by" 表示“截止到(某时间点)”,"then" 指代前面提到或暗示的时间点(可以是未来或过去的时间)。整体表达“在那个时间点之前已经完成的状态或动作”。
由于 "by then" 强调“截止到某时间点的完成状态”,它必须与完成时态连用,具体分为两种情况:
表示截止到未来某个时间点,动作已经完成。
结构:主语 + will have + 过去分词 + by then 例子:We're leaving for Paris next Friday. By then, I will have saved enough money for the trip.
(我们下周五去巴黎。到那时,我已经攒够了旅行的钱。)
The meeting starts at 3 PM. By then, please have all the documents ready.
(会议下午3点开始。到那时,请把所有文件准备好。)
If you come at 6 o'clock, I will have finished cooking dinner by then.
(如果你6点来,到那时我已经做好晚饭了。)
表示截止到过去某个时间点,动作已经完成。
结构:主语 + had + 过去分词 + by then 例子:When I arrived at the party, most people had already left by then.
(我到派对时,大多数人到那时已经走了。)
She told me she had quit her job by then.
(她告诉我到那时她已经辞职了。)
The train had departed by then, so we missed it.
(到那时火车已经开了,所以我们没赶上。)
1、 "then" 需有明确指代:
"by then" 不能孤立使用,必须上下文提到具体的时间点(如“next Friday”“3 PM”“when I arrived”等),否则“then”无意义。
反例(错误):By then, I will have finished.(无上下文,不知道“then”指何时)
正例(正确):We'll meet in a week. By then, I will have finished.(“then”指“in a week”)
2、 与 "by that time" 同义:
"by then" 更口语化,"by that time" 更正式,可互换使用。
例子:By that time, the rain will have stopped. = By then, the rain will have stopped.(到那时雨已经停了。)
3、 不能与现在完成时连用:
现在完成时(have/has done)强调“截止到现在”,需用 "by now"(到现在为止);而 "by then" 是“到那时”,需用将来/过去完成时。
反例(错误):I have finished by then.(应为:I have finished by now. 或 I will have finished by then.)
未来计划:I'm going to start a new job next month. By then, I will have moved to the city.(我下个月要开始新工作,到那时我已经搬到城里了。)
过去回忆:When I called him yesterday, he had already gone to bed by then.(我昨天打电话给他时,到那时他已经上床睡觉了。)
预期结果:The project is due next week. By then, we should have completed all the tasks.(项目下周截止,到那时我们应该已经完成所有任务。)
总结:"by then" 是连接“时间点”与“完成动作”的关键短语,核心是“到某时为止已完成”,需结合上下文的时间点和完成时态使用。