“in sum”是一个常用的总结性短语,核心含义是“总之/简言之/概括地说”,用于归纳、提炼前面所述内容的核心或结论。
“in sum”强调对前文信息的浓缩总结,相当于:
all in all(总的来说)
to sum up(总结一下)
in short(简言之)
in summary(概括而言)
1、 位置:
通常放在句首(引出总结句),或句中(作插入语,前后用逗号隔开),偶尔也可放在句末(较少见)。
2、 语法功能:
作为状语(adverbial),修饰整个句子,表达逻辑上的“总结”关系。
用于总结前文的多个要点:
The plan is expensive, time-consuming, and risky. In sum, it’s not worth pursuing.
(这个计划又贵、又费时间还冒险。总之,不值得推进。)
She’s talented, dedicated, and has rich experience. In sum, she’s the best choice for the role.
(她有才华、敬业,还经验丰富。简言之,她是这个职位的最佳人选。)
用于打断句子,突出总结的核心:
The project, in sum, failed because of poor management.
(这个项目,概括地说,是因为管理不善才失败的。)
His argument, in sum, lacks evidence and logic.
(他的论点,总之,缺乏证据和逻辑。)
We need to cut costs, improve efficiency, and boost sales—in sum.
(我们需要削减成本、提高效率、增加销量——总之。)
“in sum”是介词短语,不能单独作动词(对比动词短语“sum up”:Let me sum up the key points. 我来总结要点)。
语气偏正式,常用于书面语(如论文、报告、正式信件)或严肃的口语场合。
短语 | 用法差异 | 例子 |
---|---|---|
in sum | 更正式,强调“浓缩总结” | In sum, the policy has mixed results. |
to sum up | 更口语,可引导较长的总结 | To sum up, we need to act fast. |
in short | 更简洁,侧重“简化要点” | In short, it’s a bad idea. |
all in all | 更口语,强调“综合判断” | All in all, it was a great trip. |
总之,“in sum”是一个高效的总结工具,帮助你在表达中快速提炼核心,让逻辑更清晰~