"突增的瞬间电压" can be translated as "sudden surge voltage" or "transient voltage spike".
"Sudden surge voltage" emphasizes the abrupt and significant increase in voltage.
"Transient voltage spike" highlights the brief but intense nature of the voltage increase, where "transient" means lasting only for a short time and "spike" refers to a sharp, sudden increase.
Both expressions are commonly used in electrical engineering contexts to describe such phenomena.