"航海日志记录" can be translated into English as "logbook entry" or "log entry" (when referring to a specific record within the logbook). If you want to emphasize the entire collection of records, you could also say "ship's log records" or simply "logbook records".
Here are some example sentences:
The first officer made a logbook entry about the weather conditions.
All log entries must be accurate and complete.
The ship's log records contain detailed information about the voyage.