“外在的”常见英文表达有 external、outward、superficial(侧重表面、肤浅的外在) 等,具体使用取决于语境:
external:强调在物体、系统或人之外,与“内部的”(internal)相对,常用于描述物理特征、环境因素等客观外在事物。例如:
The external appearance of the building has changed a lot.(这座建筑的外在面貌改变了很多。)
We need to consider both internal and external factors.(我们需要同时考虑内部和外部因素。)
outward:侧重于表现出来的、可见的外在方面,常与行为、态度、表现等相关,与“内在的”(inward)相对。例如:
Her outward behavior was calm, but inside she was very nervous.(她外在的行为很镇定,但内心却非常紧张。)
We should not judge a person only by his outward appearance.(我们不应该仅凭一个人的外在表现来判断他。)
superficial:有“表面的、肤浅的”意思,带贬义色彩,指只关注表面现象,不深入实质。例如:
His understanding of the problem was superficial.(他对这个问题的理解很肤浅。)
We shouldn't be satisfied with a superficial knowledge.(我们不应该满足于表面的知识。)