"超负荷保险装置" can be translated into English as "overload protection device" or "overload safeguard".
"Overload protection device" is a more technical and precise term, commonly used in engineering and electrical contexts to describe a mechanism that prevents damage from excessive load.
"Overload safeguard" is another option that conveys the idea of protection against overloads, though it may be slightly less technical in tone.
In most professional and technical settings, "overload protection device" would be the preferred choice.