“使困苦”常见的英文表达有 “to cause hardship” 或 “to bring hardship upon”。
“to cause hardship”：强调直接引发了困苦的状态。例如：The economic crisis has caused hardship for many families.（经济危机给许多家庭带来了困苦。）
“to bring hardship upon”：更侧重于描述将困苦施加于某人或某群体。例如：The severe drought has brought hardship upon the farmers in this region.（这场严重的干旱给这个地区的农民带来了困苦。 ）