“处罚”常见的英文表达有 punishment、penalty 和 disciplinary action(尤指在组织或机构内部的纪律处分),具体使用哪个词取决于语境:
punishment:最为通用,强调因犯错或违法行为而受到的惩罚,带有一定的惩戒意味。例如:
The court handed down a severe punishment.(法院判下了严厉的处罚。)
Children need to understand the consequences of their actions and the importance of accepting punishment.(孩子们需要明白自己行为的后果,以及接受处罚的重要性。)
penalty:更侧重于法律、规则或合同中规定的惩罚措施,常与经济处罚、体育比赛中的罚分等相关。例如:
The company was fined a heavy penalty for violating environmental regulations.(该公司因违反环境法规而被处以巨额罚款。)
In football, a red card results in a penalty and the player being sent off.(在足球比赛中,红牌会导致判罚点球,并且该球员被罚下场。)
disciplinary action:多用于机构、组织或学校内部对违反纪律者的处理,如警告、停职、开除等。例如:
The employee faced disciplinary action for repeated tardiness.(该员工因多次迟到而面临纪律处分。)
The school took disciplinary action against the students involved in the fight.(学校对参与打架的学生采取了纪律处分措施。)