"颈椎过度屈伸损伤" can be translated as "cervical spine hyperextension-hyperflexion injury" or "whiplash injury of the cervical spine".
"Cervical spine hyperextension-hyperflexion injury" directly describes the mechanism of the injury, where the neck is excessively extended (hyperextended) and then flexed (hyperflexed).
"Whiplash injury of the cervical spine" is a more common and colloquial term, especially used in medical contexts to describe the type of neck injury often sustained in rear-end car collisions, where the head is suddenly snapped back and forth.