"The factors causing/giving rise to gradients" 或 "The factors that lead to gradual changes (in a specific context, if applicable)" 都可以表达“引起渐变的因素”这一意思。
“The factors causing/giving rise to gradients” 更侧重于数学、物理或地理等学科中描述“渐变”(如颜色渐变、温度渐变等形成的“梯度”)的情境。
“The factors that lead to gradual changes” 表述更通用,可适用于描述任何导致逐渐变化的因素,若语境中有明确指向的渐变内容,可在后面补充说明,比如 “The factors that lead to gradual changes in climate(导致气候逐渐变化的因素)”。